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The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention1 states that nearly half of all cis men take at least one supplement, with the most popular variety being multivitamins. The problem is that there are thousands of different supplements on the market today, and each of them wants you to believe they’re the best for men’s health.
If you’re looking for an unbiased account of the best supplements for men, we’ve got you covered. In addition to consulting dietary and nutritional experts, our team of certified personal trainers, competitive triathletes, and certified sports nutrition coaches have tested dozens of products to find out which ones actually work and are beneficial for men’s health.
Whether we’re looking at protein powder, creatine, or B12 supplements, we take these four factors into consideration when assessing workout supplements for men:
- Formulation: Does it contain research-backed ingredients that help men’s health?
- Dosages: Is there enough of the important ingredients in the supplements?
- Taste: If flavored, is it liked by our testers and customer reviewers? If unflavored, is it truly unflavored or is there a weird taste?
- Solubility/Swallowability: If it’s a powder, can it easily mix into water or other liquids? For pills, can they be easily swallowed?
- Price: How much does it cost, and is it worth it?
To be clear, we’re not saying men need all of these supplements, as some might need one and others might not require any at all. Similarly, the majority of these supplements can be taken regardless of gender identity. That said, always consult with a physician or nutritionist before introducing any supplements into your daily regimen.
Medical disclaimer: This article is intended for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for medical advice. For health advice, contact a licensed healthcare provider. GGR also recommends choosing a product that has been third-party tested for quality.
Note: We intend the term “men” to include all men, including trans men. However, we recognize that almost all research on this topic has focused on cis men (i.e., men who are not trans). For that reason, when we reference gender-based research and nutritional recommendations, we will clarify by saying “cis men.” We encourage trans and nonbinary people of all genders to check in with a trans-competent nutritionist regarding their supplements and training needs.
The 9 Best Supplements for Men’s Health
- Best Hydration Supplement for Men: Electrolyte Drinks
- Best Daily Supplement for Men Over 50: Men’s Multivitamin
- Best-Tasting Supplement for Men: Protein Powder
- Best Daily Supplement for Men: B Vitamins
- Best Supplement for Men to Use Before Exercise: Carbohydrates
- Best Muscle-Building Supplement for Men: Creatine
- Best Supplement for Men to Use for Exercise: Pre-workout
- Most Effective Supplement for Men: Fiber
- Best Supplement for Men for Gut Health: Probiotics
Best Hydration Supplement for Men: Electrolyte Drinks
Good for: Improved hydration and overall health
Hydration Supplement
Transparent Labs Hydrate V3
Product Highlights
- Includes taurine to help performance
- Naturally sweetened
- No artificial colors or flavors
- Contains SenactivTM for recovery
Pros & Cons
Pros
- Low cost per serving
- Easily absorbed electrolytes
- Aides in muscle recovery
- Subscribe & Save available
Cons
- Contains the allergen tree nuts
Bottom Line
At an extremely low per serving cost, Transparent Labs Hydrate V3 is a great option for anyone looking to try out electrolytes or anyone looking for clean ingredients without the hefty price tag.
Best for Athletes
Sports Research Electrolytes
Product Highlights
- Has electrolytes and coconut water powder
- $1.43 per serving
- Sugar-free
- Four flavors: Raspberry Lemonade, Passion Fruit, Lemon Lime, Cherry Pomegranate
Pros & Cons
Pros
- Contains sodium, potassium, and coconut water powder
- No artificial ingredients
- Tastes great
- Sugar-free
- Third-party tested
Cons
- Only available in packets
Bottom Line
Sports Research Electrolytes contain all the electrolytes you need to stay hydrated, and contains minerals and other ingredients that can boost your workout. Our tester loved every flavor's taste so much it's his go-to morning electrolyte drink.
Odds are you check your phone’s battery percentage multiple times per day, but how often do you recharge yourself? Electrolyte isn’t just a fancy name—these substances actually carry electric charges that regulate bodily functions2 vital to everyday life and working out. They also help ensure we remain hydrated.
Symptoms of dehydration3 can range from a dry mouth to headaches and fatigue.
If you’re working out really hard and start sweating, an electrolyte drink can help replenish the lost sodium, potassium, and other substances needed by the body during prolonged exercise.
The American College of Sports Medicine recommends 500 milligrams of sodium for those who engage in exercise that lasts longer than an hour.
Sodium is needed in the body to maintain fluid balance, or the amount of water needed by cells and other organisms to maintain overall control. Imagine fluid balance as a see-saw that you want to keep perfectly balanced at all times. If it goes too much in one direction, you could experience health issues.
RELATED: Best Electrolyte Powder
Best Daily Supplement for Men Over 50: Men’s Multivitamin
Good for: Men over 50 who are looking to maintain optimal nutrition
For Men Over 50
Ritual Essential for Men Multivitamin 50+
Product Highlights
- Scientifically developed multivitamin for men 50 years and older
- Vegan, gluten- and major allergen-free, non-GMO, and no artificial colors
- 10 ingredients to support health
Pros & Cons
Pros
- Made traceable with visible supply chain
- Free shipping and money back guarantee
- Delayed-release capsule
Cons
- Very limited reviews
- Comparably expensive at more than $1 per serving
- Only available from company website
- Customer complaints of fish oil taste
Bottom Line
Ritual Essential for Men Multivitamin 50+ is a supplement that is easy on the stomach and made with traceable ingredients for men 50 years old or older.
A May 2019 review4 found that men 50 and over generally eat less and, as a result, have more nutritional deficiencies than when they were younger. That’s why we recommend looking for a multivitamin specifically formulated to meet your nutritional needs. Those needs will vary based on your diet, but here are a few to look for.
Zinc, according to a February 2015 review5, may have anti-aging effects (though more research is needed to back up those claims).
A September 2019 review6 says Vitamin K could help with blood and cardiovascular health in older adults and may alleviate some symptoms of osteoporosis (weakened bones). Stronger bones can reduce the risk of injuries in older adults, especially those who are prone to falls.
Finally, an April 2019 study7 linked Vitamin A with a decrease in age-related vision loss.
Again, you should consult your physician or a nutritionist to find a multivitamin formula that works for your specific needs.
Best-Tasting Supplement for Men: Protein Powder
Good for: Those looking for a high-protein and good-tasting supplement that tastes good
Best Protein for Men
Legion Whey+
Product Highlights
- Sourced from small dairy farms in Ireland
- Over 5 g of BCAAs per serving
- Non-GMO and animal welfare approved
- Third-party tested for banned substances
Pros & Cons
Pros
- Low in carbs and fat but high in protein
- Natural ingredients
- Money-back guarantee
- Made with ethically-sourced milk
- Lots of flavor options
- Subscribe and save 10%
Cons
- Comparably high cost per serving
- May be clumpy when mixed
- Some customers thought flavor was too sweet, or in some cases lacked flavor
Bottom Line
Legion Whey+ is a clean, sustainable protein powder that also is macro-friendly and a great option for anyone looking for a clean protein supplement. Many of our testers have bought this with their own money because they love the taste and easy mixability.
We’ll be honest, most supplements just don’t taste good (or they’re a bunch of pills with no taste). However, if you find the best-tasting protein powder, according to your tastebuds, you can get a little treat while doing something good for your body.
When looking at protein powder, look for one with minimal ingredients, few or no artificial ingredients, and a macronutrient formula that’s mostly protein. A whey protein concentrate is going to have more carbs and fats than a whey protein isolate, which has had more of its lactose removed. This results in a leaner, higher protein milk product that’s also less likely to cause digestive issues for anyone with dairy sensitivities.
And believe it or not, it might be worth it to splurge for a grass-fed protein. Registered dietitian Laila Ouldibbat points out that grass-fed cattle have higher concentrations of phytonutrients that have been linked with improved cardiovascular health and a decreased risk of cancers, both of which were backed up by a February 2021 review8.
There are also many types of protein, from those made from beef and egg to those that can be used by anyone following a plant-based lifestyle.
Another tip: Look for proteins that are third-party tested to ensure they’ve been checked for heavy metals, label accuracy, and banned substances that might show up on a drug test.
For more choices, check out our roundup of the best protein powders for men.
Best Daily Supplement for Men: B Vitamins
Good for: People who want to ensure optimal nutrition
Best B Vitamins
Onnit Total Human
Product Highlights
- Complete supplement packs
- Day and night packs of supplements
- All-in-one product
Pros & Cons
Pros
- Subscribe and save
- Combination of Onnit’s best products
- Day pack for energy and night pack for better sleep
- High dosages of vitamins and minerals
Cons
- Customers complain of receiving only partial doses of multiple supplements
- Relatively expensive
- More than 15 pills per day
Bottom Line
Onnit Total Human is an expensive supplement pack with a lot of pills, designed for people that want everything they need in one place and want to use a variety of Onnit’s products.
B vitamins “are absolutely essential for every aspect of brain function,” according to a January 2016 review9. While Vitamin B deficiency isn’t common in the United States, it might not be a terrible idea to take a supplement if you’re experiencing brain fog, fatigue, changes in appetite, or constipation.
A 2017 review10 also found that B-vitamin supplementation could be beneficial for your cardiovascular system. Folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 specifically were linked with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease (with the exception of those with renal problems or a history of angina).
For the most part, there’s no such thing as excess Vitamin B intake. The National Institute of Health’s (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements11 states that there’s no such thing as a dangerous dose of Vitamin B12 because the body does not hold excess amounts (i.e., anything the body doesn’t use is flushed down the toilet…literally).
There are some other B vitamins, however, that you could take too much of, according to the United Kingdom’s National Health Service12:
Folate/folic acid: An excess amount of this B Vitamin could hide the effects13 of a Vitamin B 12 deficiency, which could lead to nerve damage if left untreated. The daily upper limit for folate in adults 19 and older is 1,000 micrograms per day12.
Niacin: Excess niacin typically leads to flushed skin, but in extreme cases may cause liver damage14. The daily upper limit for niacin is 35 milligrams.
Best Supplement for Men to Use Before Exercise: Carbohydrates
Good for: Runners or men who are looking for a supplement to keep them in motion
Best Carb Supplement
XWERKS Motion
Product Highlights
- Backed by clinical trials
- Designed to help you perform longer
- Includes BCAAs and cluster dextrin
- Replaces energy levels fast
Pros & Cons
Pros
- Doesn’t cause stomach discomfort
- Multi-purpose formula
- Backed by science
- Sugar-free
- Gluten- and dairy-free
Cons
- Hard to mix
- Contains artificial sweetener
Bottom Line
XWERKS Motion is an electrolyte mix that has BCAAs and cluster dextrin, meaning it can fuel you through a workout and also help you recover. With a mid-range per serving cost, this product may be worth a try for those looking for a multipurpose supplement.
As you’ve probably heard, carbs are the body’s preferred energy source. That’s not an excuse to scarf down a muffin every time you head to the weight room (though there’s no shame if you do). You could simply use a carb supplement about 30 minutes to an hour before you’re ready to train.
Think about it. You wouldn’t start a road trip with an empty gas tank and expect to go far. A carb supplement is a quick and efficient way to fuel the body.
Studies15 show that we can burn up to 60 grams of carbs per hour during intense exercise, and for ultra-endurance competitors that number can go as high as 90 grams per hour. Carb sources such as running gels and powders are portable and much easier to take than eating a few slices of bread.
Best Muscle-Building Supplement for Men: Creatine
Good for: Men looking to build muscle with an easily absorbed creatine supplement
Best Creatine
Nutricost Creatine Monohydrate
Product Highlights
- Powder creatine monohydrate supplement
- 5 g of creatine per serving
- Improved strength and muscle growth
- May help prevent injuries
- Supports cognitive and bone health
Pros & Cons
Pros
- Subscribe and save options
- Non-GMO and gluten-free
- Manufactured in cGMP-compliant facility
- Affordable at under $0.40 per serving
- Unflavored variety has 1 ingredient, micronized creatine monohydrate
Cons
- Some flavors sold out
- Flavored versions contain sucralose which may cause stomach upset
- Mixed reviews on mixability not dissolving entirely
- Mixed reviews on some flavors, saying sweetener was overpowering
Bottom Line
Nutricost Creatine Powder contains 5 grams of creatine per serving and is available in both flavored and unflavored varieties. Nutricost shares that their creatine supplement can help with muscle building and strength, injury prevention, and cognitive and bone health. There are mixed reviews on the taste of certain flavors, saying that the sweetener used was too much.
We could talk forever about the benefits of creatine. It’s the most-researched supplement in the world, with just about every study saying it’s an effective supplement for maintaining and building muscle mass. “Creatine supplementation appears to be most useful for short-duration, high-intensity, intermittent exercise, and has been shown to boost the effects of resistance training on muscle strength and size, as well as athletic performance overall,” says Dr. Krissy Kendall, Ph.D.
Our body uses creatine to replenish adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, which is the energy source used for sudden bursts of movements like deadlifting or sprinting.
One meta-analysis16 also found that people who took creatine monohydrate had an 8% increase in muscle strength compared to people who trained without taking creatine.
There’s also research that it might be good for the brain, with one 2022 study17 saying it was linked to improved cognitive function. It may even reduce symptoms associated with brain injury.
As with other supplements, it’s important to check that your creatine has been third-party tested for potentially harmful/banned substances.
Best Supplement for Men to Use for Exercise: Pre-workout
Good for: Men looking for an effective supplement to help fuel their training regimen
Best Pre-Workout for Men
Transparent Labs Bulk Black Pre-Workout
Product Highlights
- Clinically dosed pre-workout
- Over 17 g of active ingredients
- Vegan
- No artificial, sweeteners, coloring, or preservatives
Pros & Cons
Pros
- No artificial sweeteners, coloring, or preservatives
- 3rd-party lab tested
- Transparent ingredients
- Subscribe and save 10%
- Available in 5 flavors
Cons
- Manufactured in a facility that also processes allergens
- Limited reviews
- Some flavors may be sold out
Bottom Line
Transparent Labs BULK BLACK is a step-up from the original BULK pre-workout with more stimulants for people looking for a bigger energy boost before their workout. It is also very positively reviewed by customers.
If you’re looking to get faster and stronger, a pre-workout might be the trick. Now, we don’t mean that you’ll instantly start hitting PRs after taking a scoop of it, but many of the best pre-workouts are packed with ingredients that can give your training a little boost.
The main reason people take pre-workout is caffeine, which obviously energizes you but has other uses, too. The International Society of Sports Nutrition in March 201818 said caffeine has “significant” effects on muscular strength.
Another notable ingredient is taurine. A November 2012 review19 said taurine “plays an important role as a basic factor for maintaining cellular integrity in the heart, muscle, retina, and throughout the CNS.” The study also stated that taurine could act as a neurotransmitter (the chemical messengers sent by your brain to command bodily functions).
Finally, L-Citrulline is commonly found in pre-workouts because it can increase blood flow to your muscles. This ensures you’ll complete each rep, and it’s the secret ingredient behind juicy pumps.
RELATED: Best Pre-workout for Men
Most Effective Supplement for Men: Fiber
Good for: Those looking to improve their overall digestion and gut health
Best Fiber Supplement
Transparent Labs Prebiotic Greens
Product Highlights
- Combines algae greens and prebiotic fibers to improve gut health
- Each serving has 3 grams of spirulina, 3 grams of chlorella, 3 grams of organic acacia fiber, 3 grams of organic green banana flour, and 1 gram of organic Jerusalem artichoke fiber
- Gluten-free
- Gut-flora-friendly greens drink
- Available in unflavored, Peach Mango flavor, and Pineapple Coconut
Pros & Cons
Pros
- Packed with fiber, gut-flora-friendly greens, and mineral-dense veggies
- Effectively works to improve gut health
- Combines algae greens and prebiotic fibers
- 60-day money-back guarantee
Cons
- Tastes bitter to some
Bottom Line
Combining an algae greens blend with prebiotic fibers, Prebiotic Greens is intended to improve digestion and health.
The United States Department of Agriculture20 (USDA) says the average American only eats about 15 to 18 grams of fiber per day, even though the recommended amount is closer to 38 grams for men and 25 grams for women. While we always endorse a foods-first approach to nutrient deficiency, fiber supplements can help you reap benefits such as improved digestion, better cardiovascular health, and healthy blood sugar levels.
Another benefit of fiber is that it might prevent overeating. Recent studies have shown21 that fiber can help promote satiety, which is the feeling of being full. As a result, you may find yourself in a caloric deficit, which is when you burn more calories than you consume and lose weight. This happens because fiber doesn’t contain calories but takes up space in your stomach. If your gut “feels full,” it will tell your body to stop sending down food (aka it releases hormones that curb your appetite).
Best Supplement for Men for Gut Health: Probiotics
Good for: Men looking to relieve digestive issues and improve their overall gut health
Best Probiotic for Men
Bauer Nutrition Biotics 8 Probiotic
Product Highlights
- Men’s-specific probiotic for gut health
- Made to help strengthen your immune system
- Built in digestive enzymes
- Claimed to support gut health, mood, digestion, and immunity
- 3 capsules per day
Pros & Cons
Pros
- Made to be taken long-term
- In capsule form, so you don’t get the bad taste that some powders possess
- Also contains vitamin D as well as the probiotic blend
- Can save money by purchasing in bulk
- No refrigeration required
Cons
- Expensive for the amount of capsules
- Limited reviews of the product
- Not vegan- or vegetarian-friendly
- Supposed to take 3 capsules a day, which is a lot
Bottom Line
These capsules contain 10 strains of probiotics with a guarantee of 20 billion CFUs per serving (per three capsules).
The gut has been called “the second brain,” and the “good” bacteria found in probiotics can be a helpful assistant in maintaining optimal gut health. A 2018 review of studies on probiotics22 says probiotic supplements are linked with improved gut microbiota, which in turn have been known to help with overall immunity and bowel movements.
Although mostly known for helping the gut, probiotics can play other roles in men’s health. The International Society of Sports Nutrition published a paper in December 201923 stating that probiotic supplementation could slow age-related declines in testosterone levels. However, they and Bauer Nutrition say it may take up to a month of continuous use to see such side effects.
RELATED: Best Probiotic for Men
Key Nutrients and Supplements for Men
Let’s dig deep into some of the top vitamins, minerals, and other dietary supplements that may be good for men.
Again, you may not need any of these supplements, but dietary experts generally agree that these are the ones men should pay close attention to.
Vitamin D
Vitamin D supplements have a number of benefits, including increasing calcium absorption, supporting improved bone health and density, and reducing inflammation. However, a December 201024 study showed it could also help support increased testosterone levels.
B-Vitamins
In addition to being called “absolutely essential for every aspect of brain function,” B vitamins are also essential for cellular function7.
Omega-3
Omega-3 has profound effects on your heart health, and may help improve certain aspects of men’s sexual health14, 15.
Zinc
A December 2022 review25 on zinc found it could reduce the risk of prostate cancer and improve overall prostate health.
Selenium
The Harvard School of Public Health26 states that selenium helps maintain proteins called selenoproteins, which are heavily involved in reproduction. Selenium also plays a role in thyroid health and protects cell membranes from damage23.
Probiotics
Probiotics help alleviate digestive issues like diarrhea, but also may help men maintain optimal testosterone levels17.
Saw Palmetto
Saw palmetto was first used by Native Americans in the 1700s to treat urinary tract infections in men and treat men’s sexual health. Modern-day doctors in a March 2009 review27 confirmed that it indeed has many properties that make it beneficial for men’s overall wellness.
How We Picked and Tested the Best Supplements for Men
It’s hard to give a testing methodology since we covered so many types of supplements here, though there are a few common things we keep in mind when choosing the best supplements.
Dosage
Regardless of what the supplement is, it should have a clinically-backed dose of whatever ingredients it boasts on the label.
Quality
Not all proteins, creatine, or fish oils are created equal, so we looked for the highest quality ingredients in every supplement.
Transparency
Companies should clearly state what’s in their supplements and how much of each ingredient is in a serving.
Value
The price should match the supplement’s overall quality—meaning a low-dose supplement should not be expensive.
Ingredients and Formulation
Does it contain research-backed ingredients? Does every ingredient serve a purpose? Is there anything harmful in them?
Buying Guide: What to Look for in Supplements for Men
Here are a few things to keep in mind when shopping for a supplement for men (whether you are one or you’re shopping for one).
Ingredients
Look at the ingredients list and check to see whether a company adds certain things that might be harmful to your health, or that you might be allergic to.
Dosage
The nutrition label should tell you exactly how much of each ingredient is in a product. Some companies might use proprietary blends, which is when a group of compounds are grouped together so companies don’t have to tell you how much of each is in the supplement. With very few exceptions, this is usually an indication that the ingredients are under-dosed.
Quality
Do a little research and determine whether the ingredients are high quality. For example, certain fish oil supplements might use fish of lesser quality.
Budget
Make sure the supplement is within your budget. If it’s a little more than you were anticipating, make sure it’s worth the investment.
Personal Health and Lifestyle Needs
Look for a supplement that addresses your particular needs. A person with heart issues should go for a fish oil supplement, but they may not need a protein powder if they get enough protein through their diet. Consult with a nutritionist or physician to find the best supplement for you.
Best Supplements for Men: FAQs
What is the best supplement for men?
Ultimately, it depends on what aspect of your health you’re looking to address, but here are a few supplements that we believe tackle a number of issues:
–Best Hydration Supplement for Men: Electrolyte Drinks
–Best Daily Supplement for Men Over 50: Men’s Multivitamin
–Best-Tasting Supplement for Men: Protein Powder
–Best Daily Supplement for Men: B Vitamins
–Best Supplement for Men to Use Before Exercise: Carbohydrates
–Best Muscle-Building Supplement for Men: Creatine
–Best Supplement for Men to Use for Exercise: Pre-workout
–Most Effective Supplement for Men: Fiber
–Best Supplement for Men for Gut Health: Probiotics
What are the 5 most important supplements?
Most doctors and nutritionists would list these five supplements as the most important for men:
-Vitamin D
-B Vitamins
-Omega-3
-Zinc
-Selenium
Probiotics and saw palmetto are two other supplements vital to men’s health.
What is the most important supplement for men to take daily?
The most important supplement to take daily is the one that addresses your individual nutritional needs, which might be increased protein intake or supplementing a certain vitamin or mineral.
Should men take a fish oil supplement?
Yes! Men should take a fish oil supplement if it’s recommended by a nutritionist or physician to address heart health issues or other conditions.
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any diseases.
References
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, February 19). Products – data briefs – number 399 – February 2021. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved February 22, 2023, from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db399.htm
- Shrimanker I, Bhattarai S. Electrolytes. 2023 Jul 24. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan–. PMID: 31082167.
- Shaheen NA, Alqahtani AA, Assiri H, Alkhodair R, Hussein MA. Public knowledge of dehydration and fluid intake practices: variation by participants’ characteristics. BMC Public Health. 2018 Dec 5;18(1):1346. doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-6252-5. PMID: 30518346; PMCID: PMC6282244.
- Kaur D, Rasane P, Singh J, et al. Nutritional Interventions for Elderly and Considerations for the Development of Geriatric Foods. Curr Aging Sci. 2019;12(1):15-27.
- Cabrera ÁJ. Zinc, aging, and immunosenescence: an overview. Pathobiol Aging Age Relat Dis. 2015;5:25592. Published 2015 Feb 5. doi:10.3402/pba.v5.25592
- Simes DC, Viegas CSB, Araújo N, Marreiros C. Vitamin K as a Powerful Micronutrient in Aging and Age-Related Diseases: Pros and Cons from Clinical Studies. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(17):4150. Published 2019 Aug 25. doi:10.3390/ijms20174150
- Khoo HE, Ng HS, Yap WS, Goh HJH, Yim HS. Nutrients for Prevention of Macular Degeneration and Eye-Related Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel). 2019;8(4):85. Published 2019 Apr 2. doi:10.3390/antiox8040085
- van Vliet S, Provenza FD and Kronberg SL (2021) Health-Promoting Phytonutrients Are Higher in Grass-Fed Meat and Milk. Front. Sustain. Food Syst. 4:555426. doi: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.555426
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- Miao Y, Guo Y, Chen Y, Lin Y, Lu Y, Guo Q. The effect of B-vitamins on the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev. 2023 Oct 17:nuad127. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad127. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37850302.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Office of dietary supplements – vitamin B12. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Retrieved February 22, 2023, from https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional/
- Website, N. (2024, March 13). B vitamins and folic acid. nhs.uk. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/vitamin-b/
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